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South Arabian alphabet
The ancient Yemeni alphabet (Old South Arabian ''ms3nd''; modern (アラビア語:المُسنَد) ''musnad'') branched from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet in about the 9th century BC. It was used for writing the Old South Arabian languages of the Sabaic, Qatabanic, Hadramautic, Minaic (or Madhabic), Himyaritic, and proto-Ge'ez (or proto-Ethiosemitic) in Dʿmt. The earliest inscriptions in the alphabet date to the 9th century BC in Akkele Guzay, Eritrea.〔Fattovich, Rodolfo, "Akkälä Guzay" in Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C''. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, 2003, p. 169.〕 There are no vowels, instead using the mater lectionis to mark them.
Its mature form was reached around 500 BC, and its use continued until the 6th century AD, including Old North Arabian inscriptions in variants of the alphabet, when it was displaced by the Arabic alphabet.〔Ibn Durayd, ''Ta‘līq min amāli ibn durayd,'' ed. al-Sanūsī, Muṣṭafā, Kuwait 1984, p. 227 (Arabic). The author purports that a poet from the Kinda tribe in Yemen who settled in Dūmat al-Ǧandal during the advent of Islam told of how another member of the Yemenite Kinda tribe who lived in that town taught the Arabic script to the Banū Qurayš in Mecca, and that their use of the Arabic script for writing eventually took the place of ''musnad'', or what was then the Sabaean script of the kingdom of Ḥimyar: "You have exchanged the ''musnad'' of the sons of Ḥimyar / which the kings of Ḥimyar were wont to write down in books."〕 In Ethiopia and Eritrea it evolved later into the Ge'ez alphabet,〔〔 which, with added symbols throughout the centuries, has been used to write Amharic, Tigrinya and Tigre, as well as other languages (including various Semitic, Cushitic, and Nilo-Saharan languages).
== Sign inventory ==
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